THE PARTICULATURE NATURE OF MATTER
All matter made from tiny particles-atoms
Matter, 3 states-solid, liquid, gas

Property	Solid	Liquid	Gas
Attraction force	Strong	Weak	None
Movement	Slow (vibrate about a fixed pos.)	Faster than solid (w/o a fixed pos.)	Very fast (random)
Arrangement of particles	Regular (close, no spaces)	Random (close, small spaces)	Random (far apart, big spaces)
Hardness	Hard	Soft	None
Density	High	Moderate	Very low
Compressibility	None	None	Yes
Diffusion	Little/none	Slow	Fast
Shape	Definite	Indefinite	Indefinite
Volume	Definite	Definite	Indefinite

Change of State

Melting pt.-temp. where solid turns into liquid
Boiling pt.-temp. where liquid turns into gas
Sublimation-process where gas turns into solid + vice-versa
Evaporation-process where particles at the surface of a liquid turn into gas
Condensation-process where gas turns into liquid
Melting + evaporation-endothermic (take heat away)
Freezing + condensation-exothermic (give out heat)

Heating Curve

1+3+5=Temp. increase, particles gain kinetic energy
2+4=Energy gained used to break forces of attraction
[Cooling curve-1+3+5=Particles loses kinetic energy, 2+4=Energy gained used to form forces of attraction]

volatile-substance with lowest boiling pt. (liquid)

Diffusion-movement of particles, areas of high conc. > areas of low conc. (used as evidence for the movement of particles) mass. Lighter faster


Experimental Techniques
Atoms, Elements and Compounds
Stoichiometry + Mole Concept
Acids + Bases
Chemical Reactions + Electrolysis
Rate and Heat of Reactions + Reversible Reactions
The Periodic Table
Metals
Organic Chemistry
Non-metals

Back to 'O' level notes index

Back to notes index